MICROSCOPY
1. Introduction to Microscopy
- Overview of Microscopy
- Definition and purpose
- Historical background
- Types of Microscopes
- Light Microscopes
- Electron Microscopes
- Other types (e.g., Fluorescence, Confocal)
2. Principles of Light Microscopy
- Components of a Light Microscope– Eyepiece
- Objective lenses
- Stage
- Light source
- Condenser
- Magnification and Resolution
- Definition of magnification
- Definition of resolution
- Numerical aperture and its importance
- Illumination Techniques
- Brightfield
- Darkfield
- Phase-contrast
- Differential interference contrast (DIC)
3. Sample Preparation for Light Microscopy
- Types of Samples– Biological samples
- Non-biological samples
- Preparation Techniques
- Fixation
- Staining (e.g., Hematoxylin and Eosin, Gram stain)
- Mounting
4. Advanced Light Microscopy Techniques
- Fluorescence Microscopy– Principles of fluorescence
- Fluorophores and their applications
- Applications in biology and medicine
- Confocal Microscopy
- Principle of confocal microscopy
- Advantages over traditional light microscopy
- Super-Resolution Microscopy
- Overview of super-resolution techniques
- Applications and significance
5. Electron Microscopy
- Principles of Electron Microscopy– Differences from light microscopy
- Types of electron microscopes (TEM, SEM)
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- Principle and components
- Sample preparation techniques
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- Principle and components
- Sample preparation techniques
6. Image Processing and Analysis
- Digital Imaging in Microscopy– Image acquisition
- Software tools for image processing
- Quantitative Analysis
- Measuring dimensions and areas
- Quantitative fluorescence analysis
- 3D Reconstruction
- Principles of 3D imaging
- Techniques and applications
7. Applications of Microscopy
- Biological Research– Cell biology
- Microbiology
- Histology
- Medical Diagnostics
- Pathology
- Virology
- Cancer research
- Material Science
- Nanotechnology
- Metallurgy
8. Future Trends in Microscopy
- Emerging Technologies– Advances in super-resolution
- Cryo-electron microscopy
- Integration with Other Technologies
- Microscopy and artificial intelligence
- Multimodal imaging techniques
9. Laboratory Practices and Safety
- Microscopy Laboratory Setup– Essential equipment
- Maintenance of microscopes
- Safety Guidelines
- Handling of biological samples
- Disposal of hazardous materials
- Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
- Record keeping
- Quality control
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