Cell Biology
1. Introduction to Cell Biology
- Definition and Scope of Cell Biology
- What is Cell Biology?
- Importance and Applications of Cell Biology
- Historical Perspectives
- Early Discoveries
- The Cell Theory
- Key Figures in Cell Biology
2. The Cell Structure
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Differences and Similarities
- Examples of Each Type
- Cell Organelles and Their Functions
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Ribosomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Cell Membrane
- Specialized Cell Structures
- Cilia and Flagella
- Cell Wall (in plants, fungi, and some prokaryotes)
- Chloroplasts (in plants and algae)
3. Cell Membrane and Transport
- Structure of the Cell Membrane
- Lipid Bilayer
- Membrane Proteins
- Carbohydrates on the Cell Surface
- Mechanisms of Transport Across Cell Membranes
- Passive Transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport: Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
4. Cell Communication and Signaling
- Types of Cell Signaling
- Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Juxtacrine
- Signal Transduction Pathways
- Reception, Transduction, Response
- Examples of Cell Signaling Mechanisms
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Growth Factors
5. Cell Cycle and Division
- Phases of the Cell Cycle
- Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)
- Mitotic Phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)
- Mitosis
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Cytokinesis
- Meiosis
- Stages: Meiosis I and II
- Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
- Regulation of the Cell Cycle
- Checkpoints
- Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
6. Genetics and Cell Biology
- DNA Structure and Function
- Double Helix Structure
- DNA Replication
- Gene Expression
- Transcription and Translation
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Genetic Mutations and Repair Mechanisms
- Types of Mutations
- DNA Repair Processes
7. Techniques in Cell Biology
- Microscopy
- Light Microscopy
- Electron Microscopy
- Fluorescence Microscopy
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Growing Cells in the Laboratory
- Applications of Cell Culture
- Molecular Biology Techniques
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Gel Electrophoresis
- DNA Sequencing
8. Applied Cell Biology
- Cell Biology in Medicine
- Cancer Biology
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
- Cell Biology in Research
- Model Organisms
- Experimental Approaches
- Current Trends and Future Directions
- Advances in Cell Biology
- Emerging Technologies
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